Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2, Pertemuan 14 : Problem Vocabulary and Prepositions

1.        COMMONLY MISUSED WORDS

      The following words are often misused by native English speakers as well as nonnative speakers. Sometimes the spellings are so similar that people fail to distinguish between them. Others are pronounced exactly the same, but they are spelled differently and have different meanings. Words in the latter category are called homonyms. Study the words, parts of speech (noun, verb, etc.), definitions, and sample sentences in this list.

ANGEL (noun) - a spiritual or heavenly being. The Christmas card portrayed a choir of angels hovering over the shepherds.

ANGLE (noun) - a figure formed by two lines meeting at a common point. The carpenters placed the planks at right angles.

CITE (verb) - quote as an example. In her term paper, Janis had to cite many references.

SITE (noun) - location. The corner of North Main and Mimosa Streets will be the site of the new shopping center.

SIGHT (a) (noun) - a device used to assist aim (of a gun or telescope). Through the sight of the rifle, the soldier spotted the enemy, (b) (noun) - view. Watching the landing of the space capsule was a pleasant sight, (c) (verb) - see. We sighted a ship in the bay.

COSTUME (noun) - clothing, typical style of dress. We all decided to wear colonial costumes to the Fourth of July celebration.

CUSTOM (noun) - a practice that is traditionally followed by a particular group of people. It is a custom in Western Europe for little boys to wear short pants to school.

DECENT (adjective) - respectable or suitable. When one appears in court, one must wear decent clothing.

DESCENT (noun) (a) - downward motion. The mountain climbers found their descent more hazardous than their ascent, (b) - lineage. Vladimir is of Russian descent.

DESSERT (noun) (desert) - the final course of a meal, usually something sweet. We had apple pie for dessert last night.

DESERT (noun) (desert) - a hot, dry place. It is difficult to survive in the desert without water.

DESERT (verb) (desert) - abandon. After deserting his post, the soldier ran away from the camp.

LATER (adverb) - a time in the future or following a previous action. We went to the movies and later had ice cream at Dairy Isle.

LATTER (adjective) - last of two things mentioned. Germany and England both developed dirigibles for use during World War II, the latter primarily for coastal reconnaissance, (latter = England).

LOOSE (adjective) - opposite of tight. After dieting, Marcy found that her clothes had become so loose that she had to buy a new wardrobe.

LOSE (verb) (a) - to be unable to find something. Mary lost her glasses last week. (b) - opposite of win. If Harry doesn’t practice his tennis more, he may lose the match.

PASSED (verb - past tense of pass) (a) - elapse. Five hours passed before the jury reached its verdict, (b) - go by or beyond. While we were sitting in the park, several of our friends passed us. (c) - succeed. The students are happy that they passed their exams.

2.         CONFUNSINGLY RELATED WORDS

Select the word in parentheses that completes the meaning in each sentence

·         Betty’s insulting remark greatly (effected/affected) Kurt, who is a very sensitive person.

·         Detroit manufacturers hope to develop an easily attachable (device/devise) for the carburetor to improve gas mileage.

·         While doing the experiment, we asked the lab technician’s (advice/advise).

·         After declaring bankruptcy, the company was forced to (liquefy/ liquidate) its assets.

·         Keith’s company’s headquarters were (formerly/formally) located in Philadelphia.

·         (Especially/Special) attention must be given to the questions at the end of each chapter.

·         George was (among/between) those students selected to participate in the debate.

·         They were (already/all ready) to leave when a telegram arrived.

3.       PREPOSITION

     Definition: Prepositions are a class of words that indicate relationships between nouns, pronouns and other words in a sentence. Most often they come before a noun. They never change their form, regardless of the case, gender etc. of the word they are referring to.

Prepositions typically come before a noun: 

For example: 

* after class * at home * before Tuesday * in London * on fire * with pleasure

A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence. 

For example: 

* The book is on the table. * The book is beside the table. * She read the book during class. 

In each of the preceding sentences, a preposition locates the noun "book" in space or in time.

sumber:

http://coupdegrace96.blogspot.com/2016/06/problem-vocabulary-and-preposition.html

Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2, Pertemuan 13 : Style in Written English2

1.     Participial Adjective

      Participal adjective adalah sebutan lain untuk participle saat digunakan sebagai adjective (verbal). Ini artinya kata sifat yang termasuk kedalam participial adjective pada awalnya atau kata dasarnya bukanlah merupakan sebuah adjective namun berasal dari verb (kata kerja).

Contoh Kalimat :

1.      That was an amazing talent show.

2.      We cannot read this coded message.

2.     Redundancy

   Redundancy adalah pengulangan kata yang memiliki makna sama atau dengan kata lain pemborosan kata.

            Contoh Kalimat :

1.      I returned your things after we broke up.

2.      The room advanced rapidly.

3.     Parallel construction

      Parallel construction adalah parallelism berarti elemen-elemen kalimat yang memiliki fungsi yang sama  menggunakan konstruksi atau pola gramatikal yang sama pula.

Contoh Kalimat :

1.      This book is not for you but for your cousin.

2.      My handphone is cheaper than my brother’s.

4.     Transformation of direct & indirect object.

      Direct object adalah penderita langsung dari suatu tindakan di dalam satu kalimat.

Indirect object mengindentifikasikan untuk siapa tindakan tersebut dibuat. Direct object dan Indirect object adalah orang, tempat, atau sesuatu yang berbeda. Direct object dalam kalimat berikut ini adalah yang dicetak tebal.

 * The instructor gave his students A’s.

    * Grandfather left Rosalita and Raoul all his money.

    * Jo-Bob sold me her boat.

Bersamaan dengan itu, kata me (atau sama dengan kata lainnya, yaitu him, us, them) biasanya berperan menjadi Direct Object.

    * Bless me/her/us!

    * Call me/him/them if you have questions.

5.     Adverbial of the beginning of a sentence.

     Adverbial clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai adverb (kata keterangan) dan memberikan informasi tentang verb, adjective, atau adverb yang berada pada independent clause dengan kapasitasnya menjawab pertanyaan: how, when, where, why, atau to what degree.

Adverbial clause dimulai dengan suatu kata yang disebut subordinate conjunction (when, after, because, though, etc). Kata ini berguna untuk menjembatani hubungan dengan independent clause yang diterangkan. Gabungan klausa ini dengan independent clause dinamakan dengan complex sentence (kalimat kompleks), yaitu kalimat yang terdiri dari independent dan satu atau lebih dependent clause.

Macam-macam adverbial clause antara lain: adverbial clause of time (waktu), place (tempat), cause & effect (sebab & akibat), purpose & result (tujuan & hasil), condition (pengandaian), contrast/consession (pertentangan), manner (cara), dan reason (alasan).

    Contoh Kalimat : When he cleaned the kitchen, he found a lot of expired food.

Sumber:

https://www.bigbanktheories.com/participial-adjective-dalam-grammar-dan-contoh-kalimatnya/

Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2, Pertemuan 10 : Passive Voice, Causative Have

Passive Form

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.

[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

Examples:

The students (subject recieving action) are taught (passive verb) by the professor. (doing action)

The dishes (subject recieving action) are washed (passive verb) by john. (doing action)

Simple Present : Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.

Simple Past : The car was repaired by Sam.

Simple Future (will) : The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.

Simple Future (be going to) : A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.

Present Continuous : Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.

Present Perfect : That castle has been visited by many tourists.

Present Perfect Continuous : Recently, the work has been being done by John.

Past Perfect : Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic’s license.

Past Perfect Continuous : The restaurant’s fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.

Causative Verbs

The English verbs let, make, have, get, and help are called causative verbs because they cause something else to happen.

Here are some specific examples of how causative verbs work in English sentences.

LET , permit something to happen

Grammatical structure:

LET + PERSON/THING + VERB (base form)

Examples:

I don’t let my kids watch violent movies.

Mary’s father won’t let her adopt a puppy because he’s allergic to dogs.

Our boss doesn’t let us eat lunch at our desks; we have to eat in the cafeteria.

Oops! I wasn’t paying attention while cooking, and I let the food

Don’t let the advertising expenses surpass $1000.

Remember: The past tense of let is also let; there is no change!

Note: The verbs allow and permit are more formal ways to say “let.” However, with allow and permit, we use to + verb:

I don’t allow my kids to watch violent movies.

Our boss doesn’t permit us to eat lunch at our desks.

MAKE , force or require someone to take an action

Grammatical structure:

MAKE + PERSON + VERB (base form)

Examples:

After Billy broke the neighbor’s window, his parents made him pay for it.

My ex-boyfriend loved sci-fi and made me watch every episode of his favorite show.

The teacher made all the students rewrite their papers, because the first drafts were not acceptable.

Note: When using the verbs force and require, we must use to + verb.

The school requires the students to wear 

“Require” often implies that there is a rule.

The hijacker forced the pilots to take the plane in a different direction.

“Force” often implies violence, threats, or extremely strong pressure

HAVE,  give someone else the responsibility to do something

Grammatical structure:

HAVE + PERSON + VERB (base form)

HAVE + THING + PAST PARTICIPLE OF VERB

Examples of grammatical structure #1:

I’ll have my assistant call you to reschedule the appointment.

The businessman had his secretary make copies of the report.

Examples of grammatical structure #2:

I’m going to have my hair cut 

We’re having our house painted this weekend.

Bob had his teeth whitened; his smile looks great!

My washing machine is broken; I need to have it

Note: In informal speech, we often use get in these cases:

I’m going to get my hair cut 

We’re getting our house painted this weekend.

Bob got his teeth whitened; his smile looks great!

My washing machine is broken; I need to get it

GET,  convince/encourage someone to do something

Grammatical structure:

GET + PERSON + TO + VERB

Examples:

How can we get all the employees to arrive on time?

My husband hates housework; I can never get him to wash the dishes!

I was nervous about eating sushi, but my brother got me to try it at a Japanese restaurant.

The non-profit got a professional photographer to take photos at the event for free.

HELP, assist someone in doing something

Grammatical structure:

HELP + PERSON + VERB (base form)

HELP + PERSON + TO + VERB

After “help,” you can use “to” or not – both ways are correct. In general, the form without “to” is more common:

He helped me carry the boxes.

He helped me to carry the boxes.

Reading before bed helps me

Reading before bed helps me to relax.

Sumber:

https://zehanwidiastuti.wordpress.com/2015/05/31/passive-voice-causative-have/

http://www.espressoenglish.net/causative-verbs-in-english-let-make-have-get-help/

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/activepassive.html

Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2, Pertemuan 12 : Style in Written English

A. Question

Question adalah bentuk kalimat pertanyaan yang ditambahkan pada akhir kalimat yaitu (declarative sentence) untuk menanyakan “informasi” atau “meminta persetujuan”.

Contoh kalimat Question

1.       You have finished your homework, haven’t you?

2.       They will attend the seminar, won’t they?

3.       She loves swimming, doesn’t she?

B. Sequence of Tenses

Apabila ada dua kejadian yang terjadi secara berurutan langsung, maka tenses yang dipakai adalah simple past dan simple past.

Ciri-ciri            : tidak ada jeda waktu dan biasanya ada sebab akibat

Contoh kalimat Sequence of Tenses

1.       The student had gotten a verbal warning before his parents were called.

2.       I had already eaten my breakfast by the time he picked me up.

3.       They had met twice before married.

C. Say/Tell 

Say and Tell mempunyai arti yang berbeda, “say” adalah untuk kalimat yang memiliki arti “berkata”, sedangkan “tell” adalah untuk kalimat yang memiliki arti “mengatakan”.

Contoh kalimat Say/Tell

1.        He said he was sick.

2.       He told us that he was sick

D  Antesendents of pronouns

#Antesendents of pronouns, kata benda (noun) diwakili oleh kata ganti (pronoun) dikenal dengan istilah antecendent. Kata benda dapat berupa sebuah kata, ataupun klausa. Antecendent pada umumnya terletak sebelum kata ganti.

-Contoh kalimat Antesendents of pronouns

-The house that I want is on sale.

Ket: 

-house (antecendent)

-that (pronouns).

E. Dangling modifier

Dangling adalah sebuah kesalahan dalam struktur kalimat atau ketidakcocokan anatara maksud penulis atau pembicara dengan pendengar atau pembaca. Dangling modifier pada bahasa inggris biasanya terjadi karena penulis atau pembicara tidak meletakkan subjek kalimat pada awal induk kalimat.

-Contoh kalimat Dangling modifier

Having finished sweeping on the floor, in the kitchen were cooked. (Setelah selesai menyapu dilantai, didapur yang dimasak). 

Kita harus meletakkan subjek kalimat yang tepat sehingga maknanya dapat dipahami. Contoh kalimat diatas sangat membingungkan dan kalimat yang salah, inilah yang disebut dengan dangling modifier.

Agar kalimat diatas tidak membingungkan, dapat dirubah dengan kalimat:

Having finished sweeping on the floor, I cooked in the kitchen. (Setelah selesai menyapu dilantai, saya memasak didapur).

sumber:

https://yulipurwati1695.blogspot.com/2017/05/style-in-written-english.html

Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2, Pertemuan 11 : Relative Caluses

Relative Clause adalah bagian dari kalimat (anak kalimat) yang memberi keterangan pada orang atau benda yang mendahuluinya.

Istilah Relative Clause sama dengan Adjective Clause. Disebut Adjective Clause karena dia menerangkan benda atau orang yang mendahuluinya. Disebut Relative Clause karena dia menghubungkan (me-relate) benda atau orang tersebut dengan frasa di belakangnya. Relative Clause diawali dengan kata penghubung who, whom, whose, which, that.

1.      Which

-          Dipakai sebagai pengganti subject bila subject tersebut berupa binatang atau benda (noun)

Example:

a.       Bali is Paradise Island

b.      It has a lot of historical temples

Bali which has a lot of historical temples is Paradise Island

a.       The animal is a dog

b.      It hunted my brother last night

The animal which hunted my brother last night is a dog

a.       This book is very beatiful

b.      It is very expensive

This book which is very expensive is very beatiful

-          Dipakai sebagai pengganti objek bila objek tersebut berupa binatang atau benda

Example:

a.       This is the book

b.      I bought it yesterday

This is the book which I bought yesterday

a.       Here is my car

b.      You can borrow it now

Here is my car which you can borrow now

2.      Who

-          Dipakai sebagai pengganti subject bila subject tersebut berupa orang

Example:

a.       My brother is a police man

b.      He lives in Bandung

My brothes who lives in Bandung is a police man

a.       The man is a teacher

b.      He teaches the lesson patiently

The man who teaches the lesson patienly is a teacher

3.      That

-          Digunakan sebagai kata ganti benda atau kadang-kadang orang untuk menerangkan subject/object

Example:

a.       The man came here last night

b.      He will buy this house

The man that will buy this house came here last night

a.       Borobudur is an historical temple

b.      It was bombed years ago

Borobudur that was bombed years ago is an historical temple

4.      Whom

-          Dipakai sebagai pengganti object bila object tersebut berupa orang

Example:

a.       The man is Nizar

b.      I invited him yesterday

The man whom I invited yesterday is Nizar

a.       The boy is Amir

b.      We gave him money yesterday

The boy whom we gave money yesterday is Amir

5.      Whose

-          Dipakai sebagai pengganti milik untuk orang

Example:

a.       The man is Mr. Rudi

b.      We visited his daughter two days ago

The man whose doughter we visited two days ago is Mr. Rudi

Note: relative clause yang menggunakan who/that/which dapat dihilangkan apabila menjadi object. Example:

The woman who I wanted to see was away, or

Teh woman I wanted to see was away

Have you found the key that you lost?, or

Have you found the key you lost?

Relative adverb

Relative adverb biasa digunakan sebagai ganti relative pronoun yang juga berfungsi untuk memberikan pemahaman terhadap kalimat. Diantara relative adverb adalah:

a.       When

Example:

-          How can I forget the day when he went away?

b.      Where

Example:

-          Do you still remember the place where I met her the first time?

c.       Why

Example:

-          Give me one good reason why you did that

sumber:
http://warungbelajarbebas.blogspot.com/2012/06/relative-clauses.html

Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2, Pertemuan 9 : Connectors

Connector dan Conjuction dalam Bahasa inggris mempunyai arti yang sama, yaitu kata penghubung atau kata sambung. Namun, penggunaannya berbeda. Contoh kalimat conjunction digunakan dalam dua kata, dua klausa, atau dua kalimat yang digabungkan menjadi satu. Atau dalam Bahasa Indonesia, conjunction membentuk kalimat majemuk.

Sedangkan connector tidak selalu menghubungkan dua kalimat menjadi satu. Kalimat yang dihubungankannya dapat dipisah. Kalimat yang dihubungkan dengan connector tersebut dapat bersamaan arti atau mempunyai arti yang saling berlawanan. Berikut ini adalah pembahasan tentang penggunaan connector dalam Bahasa Inggris.

Kata yang Termasuk Connector

Sesuai dengan judul artikel kita kali ini, maka khusus akan membahas tentang connector. Kata-kata yang termasuk connector atau Conjunction (Kata Sambung) adalah di bawah ini :

For / Because / since
For dan since sebagai connector mempunyai arti karena. Kata ini biasanya diikuti dengan kalimat yang menjadi alasan kalimat sebelumnya.  Artinya sama hanya berbeda penggunaan pada contoh kalimat conjunction because.

And
And artinya dan. And biasanya digunakan dalam kalimat yang menunjukkan hubungan penambahan kalimat sebelumnya. Atau sesuatu yang dilakukan setelah kalimat pertama.

Nor
Nor dapat berarti tidak juga atau dan tidak. Kalimat pertama sebelum kata nor biasanya merupakan kalimat negatif.
But. But mempunyai tetapi atau menunjukkan dua kalimat yang bertentangan. Dalam penggunaannya, kalimat kedua atau setelah kata but adalah kalimat yang betentangan dengan kalimat pertama.

Yet
Yet mempunyai arti meskipun. Mirip dengan kata but atau tetapi dlam penggunaannya. Yet juga dapat berarti nevertheless

So / now that
So berarti jadi, atau oleh karena itu atau sehingga. Sama artinya dengan now that. Kalimat yang mengikuti kata ini adalah akibat atau konsekuensi dari kalimat pertama.

Or
Or berarti atau. Dua kalimat yang dihubungkan dengan kata atau biasanya mempunyai arti semakna atau sederajat.


Pola Kalimat Connector dalam Bahasa Inggris

Pola kalimat yang digunakan dan dihubungkan dengan connector, tidak perbeda dengan pola kalimat Bahasa Inggris umumnya, yaitu
Subject + Predikat (verb)+ Objek Connector Subject + Predikat (Verb) + Objek

Dengan demikian penggunaan contoh 16 tense English, penggunaan pronoun antecedent agreement, kata ganti, daftar kata irregular verb dan sebagainya sama dengan aturan kalimat lain. Tidak ada pola khusus yang digunakan.


Contoh Kalimat Connector dalam Bahasa Inggris

Beberapa contoh kalimat yang menggunakan connector seperti telah disebutkan di atas dapat dilihat di bawah ini.

He came late to school this morning for he saw the accident (Ia datang terlambat ke sekolah pagi ini karena ia melihat kecelakaan.)
She did’nt answer my phone last night for she fell asleep (ia tidak mnjawab teleponku semalam karena tertidur)
Her baby cries because she is hungry (bayinya menangis karena sedang lapar)
I can speak American English since I lived in Los Angeles for seven years (Saya dapat berbicara Bahasa Inggris Amerika karena saya tinggal di Los Angeles selama 7 tahun)
I am cooking in the kitchen. And my son came to surprised (Saya sedang memasak di dapur. Dan anak laki-laki saya datang mengejutkan)
There are two apples and three oranges on the table (ada dua apel dan dua jeruk di atas meja). Perhatikan bahwa and tidak menyambungkan dua kalimat. And di sini merupakan kata sambung conjunction bukan connector.
She didn’t invite me. Nor did her frends to her birthday. (Dia tidak mengundang saya. Tidak juga teman-teman untuk hari ulang tahunnya).
Ami looks like tired. But she learn English until last night (Ami tampak lelah. Tetapi ia Belajar Bahasa Inggris sampai larut malam).
What do you prefer to stay in home or travel on this holiday? (Apa yang kamu pilih, diam di rumah atau berjalan-jalan di liburan ini?)


Sumber :
https://azbahasainggris.com/penggunaan-connector-dalam-bahasa-inggris

Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2, Pertemuan 8 : Adjectives & Adverbs

Adjectives

          Adjective adalah kata yang berfungsi untuk menerangkan noun(kata benda) atau pronoun(kata ganti) yang dapat berupa, mahluk hidup, tempat, benda atau konsep abstrak.

Contoh kalimat Adjectives :

1.    I met a big gorilla in the zoo yesterday. (Aku bertemu seekor gorila yang sangat besar.)

2.    My sister is not only beautiful but also tall. (Kakakku tidak hanya cantik, tapi juga tinggi.)

Adverbs

          Adverb (kata keterangan/tambahan) adalah kata yang dipakai untuk menerangkan bagian dari tata bahasa yang mana saja kecuali kata benda dan kata ganti.

1.    Adverbs of time

Adverb of time (keterangan waktu) adalah kata yang menunjuk pada kapan sesuatu terjadi atau berada. Beberapa kata yang tergolong adverb of time adalah immediately (secepatnya), then (nanti), now (sekarang), yesterday (kemarin), tommorow (besok), later (kemudian), daily (setiap hari), dan lain-lain.

Contoh : Let’s begin to work now. (Mari kita mulai bekerja sekarang)

2.    Adverbs of place

Adverb of place menerangkan tempat. Contoh adverb of place adalah here (di sini), there (di sana), below (di bawah), near (dekat), dan sebagainya.

Contoh :     I put my books below my desk (aku menyimpan bukuku dibawah meja)

3.    Adverbs of frecuency

Adverb of frequency menerangkan seberapa sering suatu kegiatan dilakukan. Yang termasuk adverb of frequency antara lain often (sering), never (tidak pernah), frequently (kerap kali, sering), sometimes (kadang-kadang), usually (biasanya), rarely (jarang, langka), dan seldom (jarang).

Contoh : I have told you twice. (Saya sudah memberitahumu dua kali)

4.    Adverbs of manner

Adverb of manner memberi penjelasan tentang bagaimana atau dengan cara apa suatu kegiatan dilakukan. Contohnya adalah sadly, happily, bravely, hard, fast, soundly, fairly, dan seterusnya.

Contoh: Please,go home carfully.(tolong pulang kerumah hati-hati)

sumber :

https://aneneharief.wordpress.com/adjectives-dan-adverbs/

https://debbyrifanii.wordpress.com/2017/06/20/adjective-and-adverb-kata-sifat-dan-kata-keterangan/

Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2, Pertemuan 7 : Modal Auxiliaries

Modal Auxiliary verb adalah kata yang ditempatkan sebelum main verb (kata kerja utama) untuk memodifikasi makna dari kata kerja utama tersebut.

Fungsinya untuk mengekspresikan willingness (kemauan) atau ability (kemampuan), necessity (kebutuhan), dan possibility (kemungkinan). Kata kerja bantu ini antara lain: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, dan ought to.

Contoh dan Fungsi Modal Auxiliary Verbs.

1. WILL

Berbicara tentang pekerjaan di masa depan,

Contoh: I won’t (will not) be in the office until 11; I’ve got a meeting

Membuat semi formal permintaan,

Contoh: Will you open the window, please? It’s very hot in here.

2. SHALL

Untuk menawarkan sesuatu,

Contoh: Shall I fetch you another glass of wine?

Membuat kalimat saran,

Contoh:  Shall we go to the cinema tonight?

3. MAY & MIGHT

Menggambarkan pekerjaan yang mungkin terjadi. Bedanya May lebih memungkinkan terjadi (50% chance); sedangkan might lebih meragukan (mungkin hanya 30% chance).

Contoh: She may be back in her office: the lecture finished ten minutes ago.

Menunjukkan persetujuan atau izin. Jadi biasa diterjemahkan dengan arti “boleh”.

Contoh: You may go home now.

4. WOULD

Bentuk past dari will.

Contoh: He said the next meeting would be in a month’s time.

Permintaan tolong yang lebih halus dari “will”.

Contoh: Would you like another cup of tea?

5. CAN & COULD

Berbicara tentang kemampuan.

Contoh: Can you speak Mandarin? 

Membuat permintaan,

Contoh: Can you give me a ring at about 10?

Permohonan izin,

Contoh: Can I ask you a question?

6. MUST

Untuk menunjukkan sebuah kewajiban atau keharusan.

Contoh: People must try to be more tolerant of each other.

Sugesti/saran/ajakan yang kuat.

Contoh: I think you really must make more of an effort.

Menunjukkan arti “Pasti”.

Contoh: This must be the place – there’s a white car parked outside (ini pasti tempat – ada mobil putih yang diparkir di luar). Jadi must di sini artinya bukan “harus”, tapi “pasti”.

7. SHOULD

Memberi Saran.

Contoh: I think you should go for the Alfa rather than the Audi.

Kewajiban, tapi lebih lemah dari “must”.

Contoh: The equipment should be inspected regularly. (Peralatan harus diperiksa secara rutin).

Seharusnya, tapi ga terjadi.

Contoh: I should have renewed my TV licence last month, but I forgot.

8. OUGHT TO

Ought to punya makna yang sama dengan should, biasanya dipakai pada kalimat affirmative pada waktu present (saat ini).

Contoh: You should/ought to get your hair cut.

Sumber : 

https://inggrisonline.com/pengertian-contoh-dan-fungsi-modal-auxiliary-verbs/

https://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-modal-auxiliary-verbs

Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2, Pertemuan 6 : Affirmative & Negative Agreement, Negation, Commands

A. Affirmative Agreement

When indicating that one person or thing does something and then adding that another does the same. Use the word so or too. To avoid needless repetition of words from the affirmative statement, use the conjunction and followed by a simple statement using so or too. The order of this statement will depend on whether so or too is used.
1. When a form of the verb be is used in the main clause, the same tense of the verb be is used in the simple statement that follows.
affirmative statement (be) + and + subject + verb (be) + too
affirmative statement (be) + and +          so + verb (be) + subject

e.g. I am hungry.  You are hungry
– I am hungry and you are too
– I am hungry and so are you

2. When a compound verb (auxiliary + verb), for example, will go, should do, has done, have written, must examine, etc. occurs in the main clause, the auxiliary of the main verb is used in the simple statement, and the subject and verb must agree.
Affirmative statement + and + subject + auxiliary only + too
Affirmative statement + and +          so + auxiliary only + subject

e.g. They will study in the library tomorrow. You will study in the library tomorrow.
– They will study in the library tomorrow and you will too
– They will study in the library tomorrow and so will you

3. When any verb except be appears without any auxiliaries in the main clause, the auxiliary do, does, or did is used in simple statement. The subject and verb must agree and the tense must be the same.
Affirmative statement + and + subject + do, does, or did + too
Affirmative statement + and + (single verb except be) so + do, does, or did + subject

e.g. Jane goes to that market. My sister goes to market
– Jane goes to market and my sister does too
– Jane goes to market and so does my sister


B. Negative Agreement

Either and Neither function in simple statements much like so and too in affirmative sentences. However, either and neither are used to indicate negative agreement. The same rules for auxiliaries, be and do, does, or did apply.
Negative statement + and + subject + negative auxiliary or be + either
Negative statement + and + neither + positive auxiliary + subject

e.g. I didn’t see Julie this morning. John didn’t see Julie this morning.
– I didn’t see Julie this morning and John didn’t either
– I didn’t see Julie this morning and neither did John

She hasn’t seen the movie yet. I haven’t seen the movie yet.
– she hasn’t seen the movie yet and I haven’t either
– she hasn’t seen the movie yet and neither have .


C. Negation

To make a sentence negative, add the negative particle not after the auxiliary or verb be. If there is no auxiliary or be, add the appropriate form of do, does, or did and place in word not after that.

e.g.
John is rich                  John is not rich
Mark has seen Bill      Mark has not seen Bill
The following examples contain no auxiliary and thus use do, does, or did.
e.g.
Marco likes spinach Marco does not like spinach
They went to class They did not go to class

Some/any
If there is a noun in the complement of a negative sentence, one should add the particle any before the noun.
Some                 affirmative sentences
Any                    negative sentences and question

e.g. John has some money
John doesn’t have any money

Hardly, barely, rarely, seldom, etc.
Remember that in an English sentence it is usually incorrect to have two negatives together. This is called a double negative and is not acceptable in standard English. The following words have a negative meaning and, this, must be used with a positive verb
Hardly                                               almost nothing
Barely                       mean                            or
Scarcely                                             almost not at all
Rarel
Seldom                     mean                almost never

e.g.
She scarcely remembers the accident (she almost doesn’t remember the accident)
We seldom see phone of these animals (we almost never see photos of these animals)


D. Commands

A command is an imperative statement. One person orders another to do something. It can be preceded by please. The understood subject is you. Use the simple form of the verb.
Close the door                             Leave the room
Please turn off the light            Open your book

Negative commands: A negative command is formed by adding the word don’t before the verb.
Don’t close the door
Please don’t turn off the light

Indirect commands: Usually the verbs order, ask, tell, or say are used to indicate an indirect command. They are followed by the infinitive (to + verb).
Joy asked Jane to turn off the light
The policeman ordered the suspect to be quite

Negative Indirect commands: to make an indirect command negative, add the particle not before the infinitive.
Subject + verb + complement + not + (verb in infinitive)
e.g.
The teacher told Kelana not to open the window
Please tell Kenzo not to leave the room.

Sumber:

https://juliaacitraa.wordpress.com/2017/06/19/affirmative-negative-agreement-negation-commands/

Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2, Pertemuan5 : Verb as Complement

Verb as Complement

Pengertian Complement:

Complement adalah kata atau kelompok kata yang melengkapi makna dari subject, verb, atau object. Dengan demikian, ada tiga macam complement, yaitu: subject, verb, dan object complement.


Subject Complement

Pengertian Subject Complement
Subject complement adalah noun, pronoun, adjective, atau konstruksi lain (berperan sebagai noun atau adjective) yang mengikuti verbs of being atau linking verb serta berfungsi menerangkan atau merujuk subjek kalimat.


Subject complement terbagi menjadi tiga yaitu:

predicate adjective (subjek dihubungkan dengan adjective)
predicate noun (subjek dihubungkan dengan noun)
predicate pronoun (subjek dihubungkan dengan pronoun).
Keterangan: Subject complement = bold . linking verb = italic.
Contoh Kalimat Subject Complement:
Mrs.Diana was a great headmaster Headmaster =menerangkan subjek (Mrs.Diana) A great = modifier yang menerangkan headmaster
A great headmaster = noun phrase
That lady is very beautiful Beautiful – menerangkan subjek (lady) Very=modifier yang menerangkan beautiful
That lady =noun phrase
These are yours Yours = menerangkan subjek (this) These = demonstrative pronoun
The noodle tasted delicious Delicious > (predicate adjective = menerangkan subjek (noodle) The noodle = noun phrase
So, What is a verb complement?
A verb complement is the arrangement of one verb as the object of another verb. This happens three ways in English:
With infinitives,Infinitives adalah bentuk dasar dari verbs. Dalam bahasa inggris, penulisan infinitives biasanya diawali dengan “to”. Misalnya: to read, to walk, to give, dan seterusnya. Meskipun pada umumnya infinitive diawali dengan “to”, akan tetapi ada beberapa infinitive tanpa “to”, biasanya disebut dengan “bare infinitive”. Contoh:
Subject + Verb + to infinitive
 I want to study English.
   I hope to see you again.
  Residents are not allowed to bring pets in my apartment.
subject + verb + object (nouns/ pronouns) + to infinitive
 My boss expects me to finish the work as soon as possible.
 The teacher reminded the students to do their homework.
 The doctor advised him to stop smoking.
I asked her to leave.
I wanted to leave.
I helped him to leave.
I stopped for the child to cross the street.


With gerunds Verb + Gerunds
Gerund adalah kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda sehingga dapat berfungsi sebagai subjek, objek dan pelengkap (complement) dalam kalimat, juga di belakang sebuah preposisi. Bentuk gerund biasanya disebut verb+ing. Mungkin istilah itulah yang biasa kita kenal selama ini mengenai gerund. Singkatnya, Gerund adalah kata benda yang dibentuk dari kata kerja (verb) + ing. Gerund sebagai pelengkap tidak dapat dijadikan subject dalam kalimat pasif (passive voice). Gerund terletak setelah to be: is/am/are, was/were, been/being/be. Contoh :
My hobby is fishing
Her hobby is reading novel
My favorite sport is playing football
What she wants to do now is crying over her mother to release her burden.
I considered leaving the job.
I regretted his leaving the job.
They decided on leaving.
With noun clauses,
I insisted that he leave.
I wondered why he left..
She acknowledged that she had left the job.
He didn’t know that she had left.
She decided when she would leave.
Verb + Preposition + Gerund
Ada dua kemungkinan jika Gerund digunakan sebagai Object, yakni Object of Preposition (Object Kata Depan) dan Object of Verb (Object Kata Kerja). Beberapa preposisi (preposition) lazim yang sering diikuti oleh Gerund adalah: about, in, for, of, without, from, by, dan to. Untuk preposisi “to”, boleh diikuti Gerund jika fungsinya memang sebagai presposisi, bukan bentuk dari infinitive. Contoh :

I’m used to sleeping with the window open.
I’m accustomed to sleeping with the window open.
I look forward to going home next month.

sumber :

http://nikenwp.blogspot.com/2015/04/verb-as-complement.html

https://mangantar.wordpress.com/2012/06/27/verbs-as-complement/

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-penggunaan-contoh-kalimat-gerunds

Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2, Pertemuan4 : Pronouns

Pronouns

Pronoun atau kata ganti adalah kata-kata yang digunakan untuk menggantikan orang atau benda. Ada 5 jenis kata ganti orang, yaitu yang berfungsi sebagai subject (Subject Pronouns), sebagai object (object pronoun), sebagai adjective (possessive adjectives), untuk menyatakan kepunyaan (possessive pronouns), dan untuk menyatakan refleksi diri (reflexive atau reciprocal pronouns). Kelima pronoun tersebut disajikan pada tabel berikut.

A. Penggunaan subject pronoun.

Subject pronoun adalah kata ganti yang berfungsi sebagai subject.

I, you, we, they, he, dan she digunakan untuk mengganti orang. Selain itu, “they ” juga digunakan untuk menggantikan plural nouns. He dan she juga dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan hewan, khususnya hewan peliharaan. Dan khusus untuk “she ‘ juga dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan kapal laut.

“It ” untuk menggantikan benda mati dan tumbuhan tunggal.

He, she dan it adalah singular subject (orang ketiga tunggal) yang selalu diikuti oleh singular verb.

Penggunaan subject pronoun ada 4, yaitu:

a. Pada umumnya subject pronoun diletakkan di awal kalimat (sebelum verb).

Contoh:

I love you.

He is my brother.

She likes writing a poem. (Dia suka menulis puisi).

Two cars were reported stolen last night. They haven’t been found yet. (Dua mobil dilaporkan dicuri tadi malam. Mereka (kedua mobil itu) belum ditemukan).

You have to buy a good English dictionary. (Kamu harus membeli sebuah kamus bahasa Inggris yang baik).

B. Penggunaan object pronoun

Object pronoun adalah kata ganti yang berfungsi sebagai object dan diletakkan setelah verb.

Contoh:

Yeyes gave me a piece of cake (Yeyes memberi saya sepotong kue)

Yeyes gave you a piece of cake, too. (Yeyes memberi kamu sepotong kue juga)

Yeyes did not give him a piece of cake. (Yeyes tidak memberi dia sepotong kue).

I like her. (Saya suka dia).

Do you like your new bicycle? Yes, I like it very much. (Apakah kamu suka sepeda barumu? Ya, saya menyukainya dengan sangat)

C. Penggunaan possessive adjective

Pronoun ini berfungsi sebagai kata sifat, yaitu untuk menerangkan kepemilikan terhadap nouns. (The nouns belong to whom? = nouns itu milik siapa?)

Contoh:

This is my house. (Ini adalah rumahku).

That is his house.

This is your dictionary. (Ini adalah kamusmu)

We all like our teacher.

Didit and Yeyes are saving some of their money to buy a birthday gift.

D. Penggunaan possessive pronoun

Kata ganti ini juga menyatakan kepemilikan sesuatu benda. Perbedaannya dengan possessive adjectives adalah terletak pada kata bendanya yang tidak disebutkan lagi karena sudah tersirat di dalam kata ganti ini.

Contoh:

This house is mine. (rumah ini adalah rumahku).

That house is his. (rumah itu adalah rumahnya).

This dictionary is yours. (kamus ini adalah kamusmu).

I like your shoes but I don’t like mine. (Saya suka spatumu, tapi saya tidak suka sepatuku).

Those books are his now. (Buku-buku itu adalah buku-bukunya sekarang).

E. Penggunaan reflexive (reciprocal) pronoun

Reflexive atau reciprocal pronoun ini digunakan untuk merefleksikan diri dan untuk mengeraskan arti orang atau benda yang diacunya.

Contoh:

I hate myself. (Saya benci diriku sendiri).

You only love yourself. (Kamu hanya cinta dirimu sendiri).

You all have to help yourselves. (Kamu semua harus membantu diri kamu sendiri).

We have to discipline ourselves. (Kita harus mendisiplinkan diri kita sendiri).

F. Penggunaan indefinite pronoun: One dan Ones

Selain kelima jenis pronoun di atas, one‘ dan ones juga dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan nouns yang sudah pernah disebutkan sebelumnya. Onedigunakan untuk menggantikan singular nouns (benda tunggal), sedangkan onesdigunakan untuk menggantikan plural nouns (benda jamak).

Contoh:

There are two dogs in my house. They are brown and white. The brownone is big, tall and a little fierceful, while the white one is smaller, shorter, and calmer. (Ada 2 anjing di rumahku. Mereka berwarna coklat dan putih. Anjing yang berwarna coklat adalah besar, tinggi, dan sedikit galak, sedangkan anjing yang berwarna putih adalah lebih kecil, lebih pendek, dan lebih jinak).

I have two new red pens on my right hand and five used blue pens on my left one. Which ones do you want? (Saya punya 2 pulpen merah baru di tangan kanan saya dan 5 pulpen biru yang telah pernah dipakai di tangan kiri saya. Pulpen-pulpen yang manakah yang kamu inginkan?).

Note: ‘One ‘ atau ‘ones ‘ hanya menggantikan noun-nya saja, sedangkan adjective-nya harus tetap disebutkan agar pembaca atau lawan bicara mengerti apa atau siapa yang diacu/dirujuk oleh ‘one’ atau ‘ones’ tersebut.

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sumber:

http://rakabudiarsana.blogspot.com/2015/06/pronouns-material.html

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/pronouns/