A. Affirmative Agreement
When indicating that one person or thing does something and then adding that another does the same. Use the word so or too. To avoid needless repetition of words from the affirmative statement, use the conjunction and followed by a simple statement using so or too. The order of this statement will depend on whether so or too is used.
1. When a form of the verb be is used in the main clause, the same tense of the verb be is used in the simple statement that follows.
affirmative statement (be) + and + subject + verb (be) + too
affirmative statement (be) + and + so + verb (be) + subject
e.g. I am hungry. You are hungry
– I am hungry and you are too
– I am hungry and so are you
2. When a compound verb (auxiliary + verb), for example, will go, should do, has done, have written, must examine, etc. occurs in the main clause, the auxiliary of the main verb is used in the simple statement, and the subject and verb must agree.
Affirmative statement + and + subject + auxiliary only + too
Affirmative statement + and + so + auxiliary only + subject
e.g. They will study in the library tomorrow. You will study in the library tomorrow.
– They will study in the library tomorrow and you will too
– They will study in the library tomorrow and so will you
3. When any verb except be appears without any auxiliaries in the main clause, the auxiliary do, does, or did is used in simple statement. The subject and verb must agree and the tense must be the same.
Affirmative statement + and + subject + do, does, or did + too
Affirmative statement + and + (single verb except be) so + do, does, or did + subject
e.g. Jane goes to that market. My sister goes to market
– Jane goes to market and my sister does too
– Jane goes to market and so does my sister
B. Negative Agreement
Either and Neither function in simple statements much like so and too in affirmative sentences. However, either and neither are used to indicate negative agreement. The same rules for auxiliaries, be and do, does, or did apply.
Negative statement + and + subject + negative auxiliary or be + either
Negative statement + and + neither + positive auxiliary + subject
e.g. I didn’t see Julie this morning. John didn’t see Julie this morning.
– I didn’t see Julie this morning and John didn’t either
– I didn’t see Julie this morning and neither did John
She hasn’t seen the movie yet. I haven’t seen the movie yet.
– she hasn’t seen the movie yet and I haven’t either
– she hasn’t seen the movie yet and neither have .
C. Negation
To make a sentence negative, add the negative particle not after the auxiliary or verb be. If there is no auxiliary or be, add the appropriate form of do, does, or did and place in word not after that.
e.g.
John is rich John is not rich
Mark has seen Bill Mark has not seen Bill
The following examples contain no auxiliary and thus use do, does, or did.
e.g.
Marco likes spinach Marco does not like spinach
They went to class They did not go to class
Some/any
If there is a noun in the complement of a negative sentence, one should add the particle any before the noun.
Some affirmative sentences
Any negative sentences and question
e.g. John has some money
John doesn’t have any money
Hardly, barely, rarely, seldom, etc.
Remember that in an English sentence it is usually incorrect to have two negatives together. This is called a double negative and is not acceptable in standard English. The following words have a negative meaning and, this, must be used with a positive verb
Hardly almost nothing
Barely mean or
Scarcely almost not at all
Rarel
Seldom mean almost never
e.g.
She scarcely remembers the accident (she almost doesn’t remember the accident)
We seldom see phone of these animals (we almost never see photos of these animals)
D. Commands
A command is an imperative statement. One person orders another to do something. It can be preceded by please. The understood subject is you. Use the simple form of the verb.
Close the door Leave the room
Please turn off the light Open your book
Negative commands: A negative command is formed by adding the word don’t before the verb.
Don’t close the door
Please don’t turn off the light
Indirect commands: Usually the verbs order, ask, tell, or say are used to indicate an indirect command. They are followed by the infinitive (to + verb).
Joy asked Jane to turn off the light
The policeman ordered the suspect to be quite
Negative Indirect commands: to make an indirect command negative, add the particle not before the infinitive.
Subject + verb + complement + not + (verb in infinitive)
e.g.
The teacher told Kelana not to open the window
Please tell Kenzo not to leave the room.
Sumber:
https://juliaacitraa.wordpress.com/2017/06/19/affirmative-negative-agreement-negation-commands/
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